Conventional sulfur vulcanization in rubber manufacturing depends on elevated curing temperatures and zinc oxide activators, resulting in high energy consumption and increasing environmental concerns associated with zinc release. To overcome these limitations, a novel graphene oxide (GO)-supported rare-earth-containing accelerator (GO–LZC) was designed by coordinating lanthanum(III) and zinc(II) ions with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DC). At the same time, the oxygen-containing groups on GO further participated in ligand coordination. The resulting GO-immobilized complex exhibits a well-defined chelating structure and uniform nanoscale dispersion, which together enhance the accessibility and reactivity of active sulfurating species during curing. When incorporated into solution-polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR), GO–LZC markedly promotes crosslink formation at reduced thermal input. Kinetic analysis reveals a substantial decrease in the apparent activation energy, and curing and mechanical tests confirm that efficient vulcanization can be achieved at 130 °C, representing a 20–40 °C reduction relative to typical industrial curing conditions. This work demonstrates a viable strategy for developing low-zinc, energy-efficient, and high-performance vulcanization systems. It highlights the potential of rare-earth/GO hybrid catalysts for sustainable rubber processing.

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Hydrogenated acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (HNBR) is widely used in automotive and sealing applications due to its oil resistance and mechanical durability; however, its long-term performance is significantly influenced by the curing chemistry. Sulfur vulcanization offers superior elasticity but restricted thermal stability, while peroxide curing improves heat resistance at the expense of flexibility. In this study, we investigate hybrid sulfur–peroxide curing to integrate these benefits. The hybrid pathway encompasses competitive and sequential processes, such as partial radical quenching and accelerator oxidation, resulting in a dual crosslink network. Dynamic mechanical, thermal, and temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR) evaluations demonstrate that hybrid systems provide precise modulation of the operational temperature–frequency range, broaden the glass-transition relaxation, and control stress dissipation. The coexistence of sulfur and C–C crosslinks results in a heterogeneous structure characterized by diverse crosslink densities and bond energies, leading to numerous relaxation modes and an optimal blend of elasticity, strength, and thermal stability. Microscopy confirms the absence of phase separation, indicating that hybrid vulcanization is a viable approach for producing robust, high-performance HNBR elastomers.

In this study, the effect of the amount of blowing agent and the type of sulfur curing system on the cellular structure, thermal, and mechanical properties of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) foam was investigated. Three types of sulfur curing systems including efficient, semi-efficient and conventional and three variable levels of azodicarbonamide (ADC) were considered; as a result, nine EPDM foam formulations were evaluated. Curing process parameters were measured using cure rheometry and cellular structure was examined by optical microscopy images, determining the average cell size and size distribution. For evaluating physical and mechanical properties, density and compression set tests were performed. Thermal conductivity tests were conducted on selected samples. Building energy modeling was performed using DesignBuilder software to evaluate the thermal insulation performance of the foams. The results showed that the type of curing system and the amount of ADC significantly affect cell morphology, density, and mechanical properties. Overall, a decrease in density leads to reduced mechanical properties. The modeling results indicated that using EPDM foams as building thermal insulation can reduce the energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems by up to 20%.

This study explores the application of thermo-oxidative reclaimed ground tire rubber (RGTR) in natural rubber (NR)/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composite, focusing on its impact on morphology, mechanical properties, rheological behavior, vulcanization characteristics, aging resistance, tear strength and abrasion resistance. The findings revealed that RGTR enhances the tear strength and abrasion resistance of NR/SBR composites while maintaining comparable tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus. The incorporation of RGTR reduced Mooney viscosity of the NR/SBR composites and improved flowability. It also shortened the vulcanization time and enhanced vulcanization efficiency. The NR/SBR composites with RGTR loadings below 60 phr exhibited optimal performance, achieved a maximum tear strength of 93.77 N/mm and improved abrasion resistance. However, higher RGTR content led to increased agglomeration, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed finer dispersion at lower RGTR contents and larger aggregates at higher loadings. These findings demonstrate the potential of RGTR as a sustainable additive for enhancing specific properties in NR/SBR composites, contributing to both performance optimization and waste tire management.